Punctuation and capitalization

Are you a dasher? Many people frequently use the dash in informal communication, but if you're following the conventions of North American Academic English in more formal writing, see below for guidance:

• The en dash, which is approximately as wide as a typed letter "n" and slightly longer than a hyphen, can be used in place of the word "to" in a numerical range (e.g., November–January or 1960s–1980s) or "between words of equal weight in a compound adjective (e.g., Chicago–London flight)" (American Psychological Association [APA], 2020, p.157). To create an en dash on a PC, hold down the Alt key while typing 0150 on the number pad of your keyboard. On a Mac, press simultaneously press Option + hypen. 
• The em dash, which is approximately as wide as a typed "m", "set[s off an element added to amplify or digress from the main clause" (APA, 2020, p. 157). In general, em dashes should be avoided in formal writing because they are often used in place of necessary punctuation, parentheses, or further explanation. Also, "overuse of the em dash weakens the flow of material" (APA, 2020, p. 157). To create an em dash on a PC, hold down the Alt key while typing 0151 on the numberpad of the keyboard. On a Mac, simultaneously press Option, Shift, + hyphen.

Finally, according to the APA Style rules, neither en nor em dashes have spaces before or after the symbol (APA, 2020, p. 157).

Reference

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000